51 uv light think3
For tumor cells to expand (or spread) they must develop vasculature (angiogenesis) or they would otherwise die (or be limited in growth potential) from hypoxia ( 9).
#51 uv light think3 driver
Over time, cells with one driver gene mutation can accumulate a second driver gene mutation, giving rise to an “expansion phase” (Phase 2) characterized by the development of a benign tumor ( 8). This is called the “breakthrough phase” or phase 1 ( 8).
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Most mutations are either harmless, or evoke apoptotic death in the mutated cell, and do not result in cancer.Įventually, a cell can develop a mutation in a “driver-gene”, which promotes abnormal cell division (see below for more detail). If cell division occurs before DNA repair (a problem with rapidly dividing cells), the result can be a mutation. Quickly dividing cells have less opportunity for DNA repair. Most DNA damage is repaired before cell division occurs and does not result in a mutation passed on to daughter cells. those in cigarette smoke) also cause DNA damage. Radiation exposure and exogenous carcinogens (e.g. DNA is constantly damaged by reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNOS) and other endogenous compounds that are largely by-products of ongoing oxidative stress and chronic inflammation ( 7). Mutations that affect signal transduction pathways are responsible for most cancers ( 6). A complex web of signal transduction pathways is responsible for maintaining the normal growth and death of cells. How are childhood cancers different from adult cancers?Ĭancer is a genetic disease caused by mutations in DNA and altered gene expression that ultimately results in uncontrolled cell growth. In this simplified view, the multiple feedbacks and interactions between the various omics and between the omics and life style/environment are not detailed. Simplified view of system medicine showing the contributions of the genome, the epigenome, the proteome, the metabolome and life style/environment to the cancer phenome (all of an organism’s cancer phenotypes). This review will focus on the set of phenotypes relevant to pediatric cancers.įigure 1. The modifier “observable phenotype” expands the classic definition of phenotype to include all the observable molecules in an organism, e.g., all the proteins (the proteome), all the metabolites (the metabolome), all the epigenetic alterations of DNA and RNA (the epigenome). The definition of phenotype is not as straightforward as one might think ( 3). The phenome is the total of all observable phenotypes (attributes) in an organism. As simplistically indicated in Figure 2, the genome, the epigenome, the proteome (collectively called “omes”), obesity, lifestyle and the environment all influence the phenome. This integration, while utilizing bioinformatics, does not ignore conventional medical knowledge or pathophysiology. Systems medicine integrates the vast amount of data obtainable from omics technology into information that has clinical utility. The reader may also find the web page for the Sequence Ontology (SO) Project very useful since it provides not only clear definitions of genetic terms but also a visual depiction of how these terms interrelate to one another ( 2). Figure 1 provides a brief overview of the relevant nomenclature. Liberal use of links to web pages is provided as a means of guiding the reader to useful resources and particularly lucid background information.
#51 uv light think3 professional
This review article focuses on childhood cancer from a systems medicine perspective and is intended for healthcare professional as well as researchers who want a broad overview of this rapidly advancing area. Pediatric cancers are the second most common cause of childhood death in developed countries ( 1). System medicine integrates omics information and provides detailed insights into disease mechanisms which can then inform the optimal treatment strategy. Omics includes genomics, epigenomics, and proteomics.
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As detailed below, high-throughput omics technology holds the promise of solving this problem. There is an ever increasing development of effective cancer drugs, but a major challenge lies in picking the most effective drug for a particular patient.
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A major goal of a systems medicine is to provide personalized medicine that optimizes positive outcomes while minimizing deleterious short and long-term side-effects. Systems medicine utilizes an integrative approach that relies on patient information gained from omics technology. This paper will provide a broad overview of pediatric oncology in the context of systems medicine. Among children that do survive, some 60% suffer from late effects such as cancer recurrence and increased risk of obesity. Despite major advances in treatment, pediatric cancers in the 5-16 age group remain the most common cause of disease death, and one out of eight children with cancer will not survive.